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This article examines the repercussions of growing insecurity, particularly linked to terrorism, on mobility and development in Burkina Faso. The aim is to examine the impact of this insecurity on internal travel and to highlight potential levers for strengthening the resilience of transport systems in the face of current security challenges. An analysis based on a literature review reveals that insecurity has profoundly disrupted mobility, hampering trade and restricting access to essential services, particularly in rural areas. However, community initiatives and the establishment of secure corridors have been put in place to mitigate these negative impacts. Although these efforts have led to a partial improvement in mobility and a limited recovery of the economy, it is imperative that the government, in partnership with the international community, step up its actions in terms of security and strengthen transport infrastructures. At the same time, support for resilience programmes targeting vulnerable populations must be a priority in order to provide a sustainable response to the challenges posed by this persistent insecurity.

The basement aquifers in Burkina Faso are increasingly exposed to groundwater pollution, largely due to socio-economic activities and climatic fluctuations, particularly the reduction in rainfall. This pollution makes the management and understanding of these aquifers particularly complex. To elucidate the processes controlling this contamination, a methodological approach combining principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate statistical techniques was adopted. The study analyzed sixteen physicochemical parameters from 58 water samples. The primary objective of this research is to assess groundwater quality and deepen the understanding of the key factors influencing the spatial variation of their chemical composition. The results obtained will contribute to better planning of preservation and sustainable management measures for water resources in Burkina Faso. The results show that three principal components explain 72% of the variance, identifying anthropogenic inputs, with two components affected by mineralization and one by pollution. The study reveals that the groundwater is aggressive and highly corrosive, with calcite saturation. Water-rock interactions appear to be the main mechanisms controlling the hydrochemistry of groundwater, with increasing concentrations of cations and anions as the water travels through percolation pathways. PCA also revealed that the residence time of the water and leaching due to human activities significantly influence water quality, primarily through mineralization processes. These results suggest that rock weathering, coupled with reduced rainfall, constitutes a major vulnerability for aquifer recharge.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium present in several ecological niches causing opportunistic infections in humans. In developing countries like Chad, this bacteria is responsible for various human pathologies. High-priority pathogens, such as Salmonella and Shigella, represent a particularly heavy burden in low- and middle-income countries, as do Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, which pose serious problems in health centers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the multi-antibiotic resistance index and to carry out a molecular characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in pathological products from Chad using by rep-PCR (GTG)5. Antibiotic resistance phenotypes were obtained by interpreting the results of our previous study on antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from human infections in N'Djamena, Chad. In this study, two phenotypes were obtained that is XDR and MDR. Thus, 24/36 of strains came from urine and 29/36 strains were MDR. The multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR) indexes varied from 0.33 to 0.86. The rep-PCR allowed good discrimination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains in this study. These isolates were grouped based on characteristic bands appearing in their genetic fingerprint profiles. In this study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from urinary tract infections and pus were classified as XDR and MDR type strains.

In Burkina Faso, chemical inputs are used massively in market gardening to increase the yields. The misuse of these chemicals is responsible of contamination of market garden products, leading to the rapid rotting of vegetables. The objective of this study was to determine the pesticides in chemical inputs applied on vegetables produced in Ouagadougou City. To do this, lettuce has been sampled from producers in three sites (Tanghin, Boulmiougou and Kossodo) and pesticides amounts have been analyzed using Gas Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Chemical analyses have carried out on three lettuce samples and the extraction of chemical input residues was done according to QuEChERS (Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe) method. Results revealed the presence of six (06) pesticide molecules (chlordimeform, quintozene, lindane, cypermethrin, α-cypermethrin, δ-deltamethrin) in Boulmiougou sample, four (04) molecules (methomyl, cypermethrin, α-cypermethrin, δ-deltamethrin) in Kossodo sample and three (03) molecules (cypermethrin, α-cypermethrin, δ-deltamethrin) in Tanghin sample. In this regard, analysis of pesticide amount revealed that the quantity of molecules was acceptable for the consumer, but these pesticides could contribute to the rapid rotting of our vegetables which generates economic and social losses for the country.

Hydroquinones constitute a family of antioxidants, but are also known as electron donor molecules in charge transfer complexes. Raman and IR spectra of 1,4-dihydroquinone (H2Q) and its derivatives, 2,5-dichloro-1,4-dihydroquinone (H2QCl2) and 2-methoxy-1,4-dihydroquinone (H2QOCH3) in solid form have been recorded. Theoretical calculations using DFT (B3LYP) methods have been performed giving optimized structures, energies and harmonic vibrational frequencies. The comparison between the vibrational frequencies calculated and scaled with Raman and FT-IR experimental values shows good agreement. The infuence of the substitutions on the electron donor capacity, geometrical parameters and normal modes of vibrations have been discussed. The presence of –Cl group increases the O–H bond length and decreases the electron donor capacity and inversely for the presence of –OCH3. The O–H stretching vibrations shift to higher wave numbers in H2QCl2 and H2QOCH3. The aromatic C–H stretching vibrations are not much afected by the presence of –Cl and –OCH3. The C–C and C=C stretching vibrations shift to higher wave numbers in H2QCl2 and shift to lower wave numbers in H2QOCH3. These studies show the infuences of substitutions on molecular properties of hydroquinones. Keywords 1,4-Dihydroquinone · DFT calculations · Symmetry · IR · Raman

Introduction: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an encapsulated Gram-negative bacterium that is responsible for numerous infections in healthcare facilities worldwide and is frequently isolated. The World Health Organization has listed K. pneumoniaeas as a critical antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogen for which new antibiotics are urgently needed. This study aimed to use molecular tools to identify and examine antibiotic resistance in clinical strains of K. pneumoniae. Methodology: A total of 15 unduplicated K. pneumoniae strains isolated from patient samples with multidrug-resistant (MDR) profiles were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the most common carbapenem resistance genes. (GTG)5 PCR and phylogenetic analysis were performed to identify the genetic relationship between the strains. Results: All strains yielded a (GTG)5-PCR profile, and this allowed us to group these strains into 8 groups according to the size and number of characteristic bands. Phylogenetic analysis was done using the free software UPGMA and a single bacterial clone with a correlation coefficient of over 97% was identified. New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase NDM-like (blaNDM) carbapenem resistance genes were detected in three strains of K. pneumoniae, which represented a resistance rate of 20%. However, carbapenemases type A [Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and imipenem-hydrolysing beta-lactamase (IMI), type D [oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48)], and other metallo-β-lactamase [Verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM), and enzyme active on imipenem (IMP)] were not detected. Conclusions: We identified and grouped the blaNDM resistance genes of Klebsiella pneumonia strains.

The analytical expression for the degree of multivariate discordance in probability has a high level of mathematical elegance. This is why we were interested in the degree of discrepancy. In addition, while working on this expression, an application to the Bernstein copula appeared more accessible. We therefore modeled the expression for the Bernstein copula and the degree of discordance.

The present work analyzes the energy production of three 50kWp photovoltaic (PV) power plants which are placed in three climate zones. The Sudano-Sahelian and Sudanian climates have lower average temperatures than the Sahelian environment. The Sudanian climate, next the Sudano-Sahelian zone, and finally the Sahelian region, have the best performance for PV power plants. The performance of silicon PV cells may suffer due to temperature. The Sahelian climatic zone experiences its highest levels of PV output between April and October due to longer sunshine hours and a reduction in sand dust. In the Sudano-Sahelian region, PV output is at its peak between May and October. The best PV generation in the Sudanian environment occurs between June and November. The theoretical forecasting for the various climate zones is consistent with the PV mini-grid real energy output in various situations. The humidity, cloud cover, and rainfall in all climatic zones will make August the worst month for PV energy generation. Due to the type of load compared to the Sudanian climate where the PV power plant is situated in a university, the usage of batteries is crucial in the Sudano-Sahelian climate.

Access to energy is a major challenge in Burkina Faso, with only 22.5% of the population benefiting from electricity, particularly in rural areas. This highlights the need to develop innovative solutions to improve energy supply. The aim of this study is to explore how technological innovation can be used as a lever to overcome these energy obstacles. The research based on the literature review shows that solar technologies, thanks to exceptional sunshine, and micro-grids are particularly well suited to the needs of rural communities. Storage systems, particularly batteries, help to optimise the use of renewable energies, while digital technologies facilitate the management and monitoring of energy resources. However, challenges remain, such as insufficient infrastructure and an unclear regulatory framework, requiring a concerted commitment between the public and private sectors to promote the successful and inclusive implementation of energy technologies.

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from prescribed fires are poorly investigated, resulting in a high uncertainty in GHG budgets. Using, a carbon mass balance approach and experimental prescribed fires in 80 plots, this study assessed carbon emissions and established emission factors (EFs) for carbon dioxides (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and methane (CH4) across climate zones and vegetation types. In grass and shrub savannas, fires could burn intensely due to the lower moisture content and continuous spatial distribution of biomass fuel, causing greater carbon emissions with 1.61 ± 0.13 t C ha−1 and 1.01 ± 0.13 t C ha−1, respectively. Despite their low carbon emissions, tree savannas (1658.17 ± 11.13 g kg−1) and woodlands (1629.94 ± 12.23 g kg−1) have the highest EFs, which can be attribute to the high carbon content of biomass fuel in these vegetation types. Vegetation types and their interaction with climate zones have a substantial impact on carbon emissions and carbon species EFs, and should therefore be considered in assessing GHG emissions from fires. The findings from this study provide a useful basis for improving the national measurement, reporting, and verification of GHG emissions and for improving the measurement of the global balance of GHG emissions from fires.