Ouagadougou is a city with three million inhabitants and an increasing demand for water
of sufficient quality. New boreholes are drilled to match demand, but their protection from anthropogenic contamination is insufficient. To assess the quality of urban groundwater in Ouagadougou for
the first time, a total of 32 borehole water samples were collected and assessed for bacteriological and
physicochemical features using established methods. Health risk inspections and hazard assessments
were undertaken at sampling sites to identify potential hazards and contributing factors. Statistical
analysis was used to identify associations between risk factors and water pollution. The study
revealed poor quality of groundwater in Ouagadougou with major nonconformities related to total
coliforms, Escherichia coli, and turbidity. Water samples from 19 boreholes (59%) were contaminated
with coliforms, and 11 (34%) with E. coli. Additionally, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus, and
anaerobic sulphite-reducing bacterial spores were detected. Deviations from physicochemical quality
requirements were observed for water turbidity, pH, nitrate, fluorine, and iron. Risk analysis showed
the major high-risk practices to be sludge spreading or having a garbage heap, a latrine, a septic tank,
or dirty water near a borehole. Based on these results, for public health protection, authorities must
take strict measures to prohibit such practices around these important sources of drinking water
in Ouagadougou.

Groundwater, boreholes, microbiological quality, physicochemical quality, risk factors, Africa