This paper described dyslipidemia caused by the metabolic effects of HIV and exposure to antiretroviral therapy. The aim of this study was to appreciate the interest of the measurement of HDL sub-fractions in the monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients on antiretroviral treatment. A case-control study was carried out on 31 HIV infected before (naive) highly active antiviral therapy (HAART naive), 33 HIV infected on HAART during one year (HAART 1 Year), 47 HIV infected on HAART between one year to five years (HAART 1 to 5 Years) and control group (43 HIV negative). Total HDL (high density lipoprotein), HDL2 and HDL3 were determined by using dextran sulfate-MgCl2 precipitation technique in human serum. The lipid profile showed that HDL2 significantly decreased according to the rate of CD4 cells. Significant decreases of total cholesterol …